Sorghum poisoning in ruminants and horses: a review.

The history of Sorghum poisoning in livestock dates back to the 19th century, with significant economic losses reported in the industry. The condition can manifest in different forms, depending on the circumstances of exposure. Hyperacute or acute poisoning can occur in ruminants that consume large quantities of sorghum, particularly after drought and subsequent rainfall. This type of poisoning is often associated with high levels of cyanide (HCN) or nitrate/nitrite in the sorghum. The symptoms of acute poisoning are a result of the blockade of the respiratory chain by cyanide, leading to severe and potentially life-threatening consequences. Chronic exposure to sorghum can lead to more subtle but equally devastating effects. For example, horses that graze on sorghum pastures for extended periods may develop chronic cystitis-ataxia syndrome. Additionally, pregnant ewes and cows that graze on sorghum sprouts may give birth to offspring with congenital arthrogryposis and axonopathy. The exact mechanisms behind these chronic effects, as well as the potential teratogenic effects of cyanide, are not yet fully understood. Treatment for acute sorghum poisoning typically involves the administration of sodium thiosulphate. To prevent sorghum poisoning, livestock owners can take precautions such as avoiding grazing on young sorghum plants (less than seven weeks old), removing sorghum from the diet of affected animals, and exercising caution when feeding sorghum stover after rainfall due to the risk of regrowth. By understanding the risks and taking proactive steps to mitigate them, the livestock industry can reduce the economic and animal welfare impacts of sorghum poisoning. Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40286826/