Evidence of Lead Exposure and Illness in 6th–5th Century BCE Laurion

Originally in southeast Attica, Greece, Laurion had a long mining history and industrial activities, especially in lead ores rich in silver. This practice considerably enhanced Athens' wealth and dominance from prehistoric times during the late Archaic and Classical periods. Although mining activity decreased in late antiquity, it began again in the late 19th century and continued until the end of the 20th century, leaving remains that might damage the surroundings. Lead is among the most toxic heavy metals; it can damage every organ in the human body both now and in the long term. Although lead's chemical effects on the human skeleton are well-documented, the osteological fingerprint of lead contamination—especially in ancient antiquity—remains a largely unstudied subject. Based on the Archaic/Early Classical period (6th/5th century BCE), a recent study clarifies how lead poisoning affected a 2-year-old infant from Laurion. Using non-invasive techniques such as macroscopic analysis, digital microscopy, plain radiography, and micro-CT imaging, researchers examined the lesions characteristic of lead poisoning found on the infant's remains. The study revealed that bone hypertrophy and the formation of lead lines or lead bands affected anatomical areas formed by endochondral ossification, including the metaphyses of long bones and the condyle(s) of the mandible.

Apart from lesions on the endocranial surface indicating encephalopathy, which is usually deadly and linked with high levels of lead exposure, hyperplasia of the cranial vault was indicative of anemia. The existence of lesions matching scurvy and rickets strengthens the co-occurrence of several metabolic illnesses in the young skeleton. This work offers important fresh insight into the long-term consequences of lead poisoning. It shows how lead exposure irreversibly altered the skeletons of people from classical antiquity. These osteological relics reveal the degree of periodical environmental degradation at that time. The results underscore the significance of closely examining such physical evidence. They demonstrate how relentlessly damaging ecological pollutants can be for human welfare.

Examining the bones of individuals from this age helps researchers understand how lead exposure affected health and the surroundings. This information also shows how exposure negatively shaped human history.

Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40235150/