Evidence of Lead Exposure and Illness in 6th–5th Century BCE Laurion

The city of Laurion, located in southeastern Attica, Greece, has a long history of mining and metallurgical activities, particularly in the extraction of silver-rich lead ores. This practice dates back to prehistoric times and significantly contributed to Athens' wealth and sovereignty during the late Archaic and Classical periods. Although mining activities declined in late antiquity, they resumed in the late 19th century and continued until the end of the 20th century, leaving behind remnants that pose potential environmental risks. Lead, being one of the most toxic heavy metals, can have devastating effects on the human body, affecting every organ and causing both short- and long-term harm. The chemical effects of lead on the human skeleton are well-documented, but the osteological imprint of lead contamination, especially in classical antiquity, remains a relatively unexplored topic. A recent study has shed light on the effects of lead poisoning on a 2-year-old infant from Laurion, dating back to the Archaic/Early Classical period (6th/5th century BCE). Using non-invasive techniques such as macroscopic analysis, digital microscopy, plain radiography, and micro-CT imaging, researchers examined the lesions characteristic of lead poisoning found on the infant's remains. The study revealed that anatomical areas formed by endochondral ossification, including the metaphyses of long bones and the condyle(s) of the mandible, were affected by bone hypertrophy and the formation of lead lines or lead bands. Additionally, hyperplasia of the cranial vault was diagnostic of anemia, while lesions on the endocranial surface indicated encephalopathy, which is often fatal and associated with high levels of lead exposure. The presence of lesions consistent with scurvy and rickets further supports the co-occurrence of multiple metabolic diseases in the infant skeleton. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the history of lead toxicity and its lasting effects, highlighting the importance of exploring the osteological imprint of lead contamination in classical antiquity. By examining the remains of individuals from this time period, researchers can gain a better understanding of the impact of lead exposure on human health and the environment, and how it has shaped the course of human history. Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40235150/