Latest Articles and News - Jul 2, 2025
post on 02 Jul 2025
Relationship between non-typhoidal Salmonella dose and food poisoning in humans: A systematic review.
Food safety is a major public health concern. The zoonotic pathogen non-typhoidal Salmonella, responsible for salmonellosis, is a leading cause of bacterial food poisoning globally, making its detection and control essential. Understanding the infectious dose of Salmonella is crucial for identifying appropriate risk management strategies; however, significant uncertainties remain, warranting a systematic review. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive search across multiple databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and CAB Abstracts) to identify relevant studies examining the relationship between Salmonella dose and foodborne illness in humans. Four main types of studies were identified: experimental trials, case reports, case series, and mathematical modelling. An analysis of these studies revealed their respective strengths and limitations. The data showed considerable variability, with the dose required to cause illness depending on factors such as Salmonella serovar, food type, and the health status of the exposed population. A key challenge identified was the lack of sufficient data on collective food poisoning incidents, which complicates the development of more reliable dose-response models. Despite these limitations, this review underscores the importance of targeted food safety interventions and risk assessments tailored to specific food products and population groups. The findings provide a foundation for enhanced food safety measures and support ongoing efforts to protect public health from foodborne illnesses.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40600207/Gradual poisoning of a chest x-ray convolutional neural network with an adversarial attack and AI explainability methods.
Given artificial intelligence's transformative effects, studying safety is important to ensure it is implemented in a beneficial way. Convolutional neural networks are used in radiology research for prediction but can be corrupted through adversarial attacks. This study investigates the effect of an adversarial attack, through poisoned data. To improve generalizability, we create a generic ResNet pneumonia classification model and then use it as an example by subjecting it to BadNets adversarial attacks. The study uses various poisoned datasets of different compositions (2%, 16.7% and 100% ratios of poisoned data) and two different test sets (a normal set of test data and one that contained poisoned images) to study the effects of BadNets. To provide a visual effect of the progressing corruption of the models, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were used. As corruption progressed, interval analysis revealed that performance on a valid test set decreased while the model learned to predict better on a poisoned test set. SHAP visualization showed focus on the trigger. In the 16.7% poisoned model, SHAP focus did not fixate on the trigger in the normal test set. Minimal effects were seen in the 2% model. SHAP visualization showed decreasing performance was correlated with increasing focus on the trigger. Corruption could potentially be masked in the 16.7% model unless subjected specifically to poisoned data. A minimum threshold for corruption may exist. The study demonstrates insights that can be further studied in future work and with future models. It also identifies areas of potential intervention for safeguarding models against adversarial attacks.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40593872/[Advances in biomarkers for delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning].
Acute carbon monoxide poisoning (ACMP) is a common harmful gas poisoning. Underwent systematic treatment and a 2-3 week pseudo-healing period, some ACMP patients may still develop delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning (DEACMP). DEACMP is the most severe complication that could happen to ACMP patients and comes with an exceeding high disability rate. Early identification and adequate intervention measures of DEACMP are particularly crucial for preventing its occurrence in clinical practice. At present, multiple studies have found that after ACMP occurred, a series of biomarkers showed predictive value for detecting the occurrence and development of DEACMP. This paper reviews these biomarkers and their predictive effects on DEACMP, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the prevention and intervention of DEACMP.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40592798/[Analysis on clinical features of 23cases of chlorfenapyr poisoning].
Chlorfenapyr is a novel pyrrole insecticide widely used in agricultural production. Due to its broad insecticidal activity, low resistance, rapid action, and long-lasting effects, its use has been increasing. In the past three years, there have been incidents of imidacloprid poisoning in China. We reviewed and analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients treated for chlorfenapyr poisoning at the People's Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture from November 2019 to November 2023. The 23 patients included 15 males and 8 females, with ages ranging from 11 to 71 years. Twenty-two cases were due to gastrointestinal exposure, and one case was due to skin or respiratory tract exposure. Clinical symptoms included nausea, vomiting, fever, profuse sweating, and altered consciousness. Laboratory tests showed elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase. There was no specific antidote available, and 10 patients died after treatment, resulting in a mortality rate of 43.5%. Among the deceased, a higher proportion experienced fever, profuse sweating, altered consciousness, and generalized muscle stiffness.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40592795/[Successful rescue of a case of acute benzene poisoning with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome].
This article analyzed the clinical data of a patient with acute benzene poisoning caused by oral ingestion of 100 ml of pure benzene. The patient presented with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, manifested as consciousness disorders, abnormal coagulation function with hematuria, and delayed liver injury. After comprehensive treatment including fluid replacement, diuresis, protection of vital organs, and nutritional support, the patient was discharged after recovery. Poisoning caused by oral administration of large doses of benzene is rare. Analyzing the diagnosis and treatment process of this patient can enhance clinicians' understanding of acute benzene poisoning, provide empirical references for the clinical treatment of such poisoning patients, and improve their survival rate as much as possible.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40592794/[Nursing experience in the treatment of toxic encephalopathy caused by acute mercury poisoning].
Mercury possesses high toxicity and metal-dissolving properties, enabling it to form amalgam alloys with precious metals such as gold, silver, tin, and lead. The purification of target metals can be achieved through the volatilization process of heated amalgam. This report presents a case of toxic encephalopathy caused by acute mercury poisoning. The Department of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, affiliated with Capital Medical University, admitted and successfully treated a clinical case of toxic encephalopathy resulting from acute exposure to metallic mercury vapor. The nursing protocol and clinical outcomes are detailed herein. This paper conducts a retrospective analysis of clinical data to provide support for the prevention and control of mercury poisoning.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40592793/[Twelve cases of occupational acute 2- (2-thiophenyl) scopolamine glycolate poisoning].
2- (2-thiophenyl) scopolamine glycolate is produced through an ester exchange reaction between scopine and methyl 2, 2-dithienylglycolate, and is used to synthesize tiotropium bromide. In this paper, the treatment process of 12 patients with acute 2- (2-thiophenyl) scopolamine glycolate poisoning was reviewed and their clinical data were analyzed. After a large amount of 2- (2-thiophenyl) scopolamine glycolate was absorbed through the respiratory tract, the poisoning patients presented with central nervous system injury as the main clinical manifestations, accompanied by symptoms such as blurred vision and irritability. After fluid replacement, ovulation induction and symptomatic supportive treatment, all patients improved and were discharged. The patients were followed up. After 6 months, only 3 patients had residual headache and dizziness. It is indicated that early intervention for acute 2- (2-thiophenyl) scopolamine glycolate poisoning has a good prognosis. Meanwhile, occupational protection should be strengthened to prevent the occurrence of poisoning.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40592792/
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