Medical toxicology case studies: real-world applications

Xywav prescription bottle linked to oxybate GHB, brain depression, and impaired breathing in a medical toxicology case study illustration.

07 Sept 2026 · Updated 02 Oct 2026

Xywav Toxicity: When a Prescription Sleep Medication Causes Profound CNS Depression

Which of the following best explains this patient's presentation?

A. Calcium toxicity caused by the calcium component of Xywav B. Oxybate (GHB) toxicity causing CNS and respiratory depression C. S ...

Amirhosein Shabrang & Omid Mehrpour

Medical team treating patient with suspected Kratom overdose in hospital setting, symbolized by Kratom leaf – opioid withdrawal management and alternative medicine concept

Substances Of Abuse

08 Jun 2025 · Updated 02 Oct 2026

The Kratom Withdrawal That Wasn’t?

Which of the following are appropriate next steps in her management?

A. Administer a 16 mg sublingual dose of Suboxone to treat possible opioid withdrawal B. Load with phenobarbital at 10 mg/kg for s ...

Omid Mehrpour

Medical team reviewing lab results of a 50-year-old female patient with severe acidosis, blurred vision, and elevated ketone levels in the ICU, highlighting the complexities of diagnosing metabolic emergencies

General Principles of Toxicology Management

09 Aug 2024 · Updated 25 Sept 2026

The Enigmatic Acidosis: Unraveling the True Culprit Behind Sudden Vision Loss

What is the most likely cause of this woman's symptoms and laboratory findings?

A) Methanol poisoning B) Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) C) Alcoholic Ketoacidosis (AKA) D) Ethylene glycol poisoning E) Septic shock ...

Omid Mehrpour

Emergency room scene with an unconscious male patient in a deep coma, connected to a ventilator and medical monitors. The patient, suffering from severe metabolic acidosis after Diclofenac and alcohol overdose, is receiving life-saving treatment from hospital staff. Medical equipment displays vital signs like blood pressure and heart rate, emphasizing the critical condition and urgency of care

Analgesics And Antiinflammatory Drugs

13 Oct 2024 · Updated 21 Sept 2026

Severe Metabolic Acidosis After Diclofenac and Alcohol Overdose: A Case Study

Which of the following best explains the cause of the patient’s severe metabolic acidosis?

a) Alcohol-induced ketoacidosis b) Diclofenac-induced renal failure c) Overdose of acidic metabolites from aspirin d) Inhibition o ...

Omid Mehrpour

Medical illustration of a 5-year-old child receiving naloxone treatment in a hospital setting, showing medical staff addressing challenges of opioid overdose management with IV equipment and monitors in a professional environment.

Clinical Toxicology

27 Nov 2024 · Updated 01 Oct 2026

Accidental hydrocodone-acetaminophen Ingestion

What is the most likely cause of the child’s recurrent clinical deterioration?

A) Acetaminophen-induced liver failure B) Co-ingestion of benzodiazepines C) Incomplete CNS penetration of naloxone D) Partial ago ...

Omid Mehrpour

Medical scene of a 67-year-old male patient with digoxin toxicity, monitored for bradycardia and kidney function in a high-tech hospital room

Toxic Agents and Antidotes

18 Sept 2024 · Updated 27 Sept 2026

Chronic Digoxin Toxicity Triggered by Acute Kidney Injury: A Case of Confusion and Bradycardia

Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in managing his digoxin toxicity?

A) Administer 1-2 vials of Digibind immediately. B) Hold digoxin and monitor closely for worsening bradycardia or hypotension. C) ...

Omid Mehrpour

Thallium poisoning symptoms: Significant hair loss (alopecia), receding hairline, and eyebrow thinning in a patient. Thallium toxicity can cause neurological damage, skin abnormalities, and systemic health issues. Early detection and treatment are critical for managing toxicity.

Heavy Metals

13 Mar 2025 · Updated 17 Sept 2026

Toxic Enigma: Jaundice, Neuropathy, and Hair Loss

What is the diagnosis?

A) Acute Intermittent Porphyria B) Arsenic Poisoning C) Thallium Poisoning D) Wilson’s Disease E) Autoimmune Hepatitis

Omid Mehrpour

A female scientist in a lab coat and safety goggles looks anxious as she examines her latex-gloved hands with a chemical spill in a laboratory filled with scientific equipment.

Heavy Metal Poisoning

09 Jun 2024 · Updated 28 Sept 2026

The Fatal Laboratory Accident

What is the possible identity of the toxin causing this woman's findings?

a) Iron chloride b) Sodium arsenite c) Mercury d) Chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic drug

Omid Mehrpour

Illustration of an 8-week-old infant with infant botulism showing weak cry, hypotonia, bilateral ptosis, and respiratory distress, highlighting key clinical features and supportive care

Food, Diet, And Nutrition

17 Aug 2025 · Updated 29 Sept 2026

Case Study: An 8-Week-Old Infant with Weak Cry, Hypotonia, and Respiratory Distress

What is the most likely diagnosis in this infant?

A. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) B. Guillain–Barré syndrome C. Infant botulism D. Viral encephalitis

Omid Mehrpour

Comparison chart of clinical signs in anticholinergic toxicity versus serotonin syndrome with observed patient symptoms including delirium, mydriasis, diaphoresis, tremor, hyperreflexia, rigidity, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, and hypoglycemia, highlighting diagnostic differences in toxicology.

Psychotropic Drugs

10 May 2025 · Updated 01 Oct 2026

A Complex Toxidrome Following Intentional Ingestion of Hydroxyzine and Venlafaxine XR in a 22-Year-Old Female

Which toxidrome best fits the patient's clinical picture?

1.Anticholinergic Toxidrome 2. Serotonin Toxicity (Serotonin Syndrome) 3. Mixed Toxidrome

Omid Mehrpour

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Real poisoning cases, expert analysis

Xywav Toxicity: When a Prescription Sleep Medication Causes Profound CNS Depression

The Kratom Withdrawal That Wasn’t?

The Enigmatic Acidosis: Unraveling the True Culprit Behind Sudden Vision Loss

Severe Metabolic Acidosis After Diclofenac and Alcohol Overdose: A Case Study

Accidental hydrocodone-acetaminophen Ingestion

Chronic Digoxin Toxicity Triggered by Acute Kidney Injury: A Case of Confusion and Bradycardia

Toxic Enigma: Jaundice, Neuropathy, and Hair Loss

The Fatal Laboratory Accident

Case Study: An 8-Week-Old Infant with Weak Cry, Hypotonia, and Respiratory Distress

A Complex Toxidrome Following Intentional Ingestion of Hydroxyzine and Venlafaxine XR in a 22-Year-Old Female